- I. Rajasekhar
- M. Sreelatha
- M. Shashi
- S. G. Ajay
- M. Anand Kumar
- K. P. Soman
- G. Manusha
- Chirag Patel
- Kalyani Chetan Kumar
- S. Sivanantham
- K. Jagannadha Naidu
- V. Suresh Babu
- K. Jayasree
- A. Sirisha Reddy
- Lagesh M. A.
- Nalla Priyanka
- Raveendra Babu
- M. Sowjanya
- V . Ramya Sri
- M. Vasanthi
- K. Sri Lakshmi Bhargavi
- Y. Tirupathaiah
- K. Mohana Sri Vasavi
- N. Raviteja
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Srikanth, M.
- Simple Password Protector
Authors
1 Department of Computer Science & Engineering, R.V.R. & J.C. College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, A.P., IN
2 Department of Computer Science & System Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P., IN
Source
Data Mining and Knowledge Engineering, Vol 3, No 14 (2011), Pagination: 858-861Abstract
Phishing attacks use email or malicious websites to get personal information by acting as a trustworthy organization. Users are tricked into disclosing their information either by providing it through a web form or by downloading and installing hostile software. The attacker can then use this information for identity theft or fraud. This paper proposes an antiphishing tool. Password protector is described as a browser extension tool, which transparently produces a different password to improve the security of passwords and defend against phishing. This tool appends some generated secret hash code to the original password that converts the original password into secure password.Keywords
Phishing Attack, Antiphishing, Security, Browser Extension, Secret Hash Code.- Word Embedding Models for Finding Semantic Relationship between Words in Tamil Language
Authors
1 Centre for Computational Engineering and Networking (CEN), Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, Coimbatore - 641112, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9, No 45 (2016), Pagination:Abstract
Objective: Word embedding models were most predominantly used in many of the NLP tasks such as document classification, author identification, story understanding etc. In this paper we make a comparison of two Word embedding models for semantic similarity in Tamil language. Each of those two models has its own way of predicting relationship between words in a corpus. Method/Analysis: The term Word embedding in Natural Language Processing is a representation of words in terms of vectors. Word embedding is used as an unsupervised approach instead of traditional way of feature extraction. Word embedding models uses neural networks to generate numerical representation for the given words. In order to find the best model that captures semantic relationship between words, using a morphologically rich language like Tamil would be great. Tamil language is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and it is known for its morphological richness. In Tamil language it is possible to construct 10,000 words from a single ischolar_main word. Findings: Here we make comparison of Content based Word embedding and Context based Word embedding models respectively. We tried different feature vector sizes for the same word to comment on the accuracy of the models for semantic similarity. Novelty/Improvement: Analysing Word embedding models for morphologically rich language like Tamil helps us to classify the words better based on its semantics.Keywords
CBOW, Content based Word Embedding, Context based Word Embedding, Morphology, Semantic and Syntactic, Skip Gram.- Performance Factors of Grid Interconnected PV System using ANFIS Controller
Authors
1 KL University, Green Fields Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dist), AP, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9, No 36 (2016), Pagination:Abstract
Objective: This paper proposes new integration to reduce Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in grid connected system. Methods/statistical Analysis: We implementANFIS based controller technique is used in grid integration to reduce THD content. Simulation results shows that ANFIS controller has less THD and good efficiency when compared to that of FUZZY logic controller. Findings: Now a day’s world energy consumption is increasing due to commercialization of world. It reduces non renewable energy resources, because lot of energy generation requires more conventional sources. To meet these increasing loads renewable energy generation is implementing, and many are going to get maximum power extraction from available source. In distribution energy resources solar power generation plays an important role. Solar power generation depends on irradiation level availability. Power generation from (Photovoltaic) system is highly fluctuating because irradiation continuously changes based on climatic conditions. PV system grid integration involves a converter; it injects harmonics source side and grid side. Therefore, ANFIS control can be used to improve the THD in grid connected PV systems. A comparison of PI, hysteresis control and fuzzy logic control, ANFIS control gives the feasibility of the method. Thus the proposed scheme ensures that the THD in the injected grid current remains within the specified limits. MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for the proposed work. Simulation results are given to show the overall system performance. Applications: Efficiency and overall performance is good compared to FUZZY controller.Keywords
ANFIS Control, Fuzzy Control, Grid Integration, MPPT, PV System, THD.- Monte-Carlo Black-Scholes Implementation using OpenCL Standard
Authors
1 School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8, No 36 (2015), Pagination:Abstract
The OpenCL is a standard parallel language which is based on 'C' language. It offers users to take full advantage and also provide the flexibility of high level language. In this paper, we explore the use of OpenCL language to implement the complex design on FPGAs by describing the design with high level abstraction language. To demonstrate, we consider the most important benchmarks in financial markets known as Monte-Carlo Black-Scholes implementation to estimate the stock price optionKeywords
Embedded Unit, FPGA Implementation, Kernel, Monte-Carlo Simulation, OpenCL Standard.- Design and Verification of Slave Block in Ethernet Management Interface using UVM
Authors
1 VLSI Division, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9, No 5 (2016), Pagination:Abstract
Objective:Verification of the Slave block in Ethernet Management Interface using UVM. Methodology:Management data input output (MDIO) and Management data clock (MDC) is a two-wire interface used by Ethernet Station Management Entity to configure as well as read status from various PHY devices connected to it. Universal verification methodology is used to verify integrated designs. Verification of the Slave block in Ethernet Management Interface is done through UVM. Findings: Verification environment for the Slave Block in Ethernet Management Interface is built using UVM. 94.44% functional coverage and 97.96 code coverage is achieved. Applications: Ethernet protocol is used in the computer communication.
Keywords
Ethernet Management Interface, System Verilog, UVM, Verification- Social Problems in India
Authors
Source
Journal of Rural Development, Vol 37, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 154-155Abstract
Each chapter of this book highlights a unique social problem, potential reasons behind it and plausible solutions to eradicate the same. If not addressed, these problems may plunge the nation into darkness and lead the country into socio-economic backwardness. The editors of the book made a good attempt to compile 15 articles on various burning issues the Indian society has been facing. One of the authors elaborated the evil of corruption which is the most pertinent issue today. He remarks that corruption in a civilised society is like a deadly disease, which will lead to disastrous consequences for the country in general and the society in particular, if not prevented through proper measures.- An Evaluation of Financial Inclusion in India:Some Policy Insights
Authors
1 Centre for Financial Inclusion & Entrepreneurship, National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad, IN
Source
The Microfinance Review, Vol 9, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 1-14Abstract
In the era of digital financial inclusion, one of the main challenges faced by the policymakers is to provide affordable, instantaneous and user-friendly access to financial products and services to the common man. Though there has been an impressive growth in terms of bank branches, Business Correspondents and Kisan Credit Cards amongst others during the last five decades, cent per cent financial inclusion in India appears to be a difficult target to achieve. By following the international best practices, Indian banks may be rated at regular intervals on their efforts to facilitate financial inclusion. The policymakers may seriously think of including moneylenders as part of microfinance institutions, or small finance banks or any other institutional mechanism, as they are now an indispensable part of rural India due to the farmers’ proximity to them and their lack of awareness of various initiatives taken by the government. There should be a thrust on demand-side rather than the supply-side alone to make financial inclusion a real success.Keywords
Financial Inclusion, Digital Financial Inclusion, Self-Help Groups, SHG-BLP.References
- Aghion, P and Bolton Patrick (1997): “A Trickle-Down Theory of Growth and Development with Debt Overhang”, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp.151-172.
- Ahamed, M M and Sushanta, K Mallick (2017): “Financial Inclusion is Good for Banks Too”, Business Line, November 4.
- Arun, T and R Kamath (2015): “Financial Inclusion: Policies and Practices”, IIMB Management Review, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.267-287.
- Banerjee, Abhijit V and Duflo Esther (2007): “The Economic Lives of the Poor”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp.141-167.
- Banerjee, A V and Newman F Andrew (1993): “Occupational Choice and the Process of Development”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 101, No. 2, pp.274-298.
- Basu, P and Srivastava P (2005): “Exploring Possibilities: Microfinance and Rural Credit Access for the Poor in India”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 40, No. 17, pp.1747-1756.
- Bhanot, D and V Bapat (2016): “Multiplier Effect of Self-Help Groups”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. LI, No. 33, pp.82-85.
- Burgess, R and Rohini P (2003): “Do Rural Banks Matter? - Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment”, American Economic Review, Vol. 95, No. 3, pp.780-795.
- Chakrabarty, K C (2012): Financial Inclusion – Issues in Measurement and Analysis, Keynote Address Delivered at IFC Workshop on Financial Inclusion Indicators, Kuala Lampur, November 5-6.
- Chanakya (1992): Essence of Chanakya Sutras, Vol. 1, pp.254. Accessed from https://greenopia.in/live/gurujinarayana/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Essence-of-Chanakya-Sutras.pdf.
- Connolly, C and Hajaj K (2001): Financial Services and Social Exclusion, Financial Services Consumer Policy Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Easton Tom (2005): “The Hidden Wealth of the Poor”, The Economist, November 5, London.
- Fisher, T and M S Sriram (2002): Beyond Micro-Credit: Putting Development Back Into Micro-Finance, Vistar Publications, New Delhi.
- Institute for Financial Management and Research (2009): Financial Inclusion in Gulbarga: Finding Usage in Access, Working Paper No. 26, IFMR, Chennai.
- Invest India Market Solutions (2007): “Invest India Incomes and Savings Survey”, IIMS Data Works, Accessed from https://www.iimsdataworks.com.
- Kelkar, V (2009): “Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth”, ASCI Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp.55-68.
- Kempson E and Whyley C (2000): In or Out? Financial Exclusion: A Literature and Research Review, Financial Services Authority, London.
- ______ (1999): Kept Out or Opted Out? Understanding and Combating Financial Exclusion, Policy Press, Bristol.
- Leeladhar, V (2006): “Taking Banking Services to the Common Man – Financial Inclusion”, Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp.73-77.
- Mohan, R (2006): “Economic Growth, Financial Deepening and Financial Inclusion”, Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, Vol. 60, No. 11. pp. 1-20.
- National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (2017): Annual Report 2016-17, NABARD, Mumbai
- Prahalad, C K (2004): The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Wharton School Publishing, Wharton.
- Puhazhendi V and K C Badatya (2002): SHG-Bank Linkage Programme for Rural Poor – An Impact Assessment, NABARD, Mumbai.
- PWC Report (2016): “Fintech: Redefining Banking for Customers, Decade Edition of CII Banking Summit 2016”, Accessed from https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2016/fintech-redefining-banking-for-customers-june-2016.pdf
- Qazi, M (2017): “A New Paradigm for Financial Inclusion”, Business Line, August 22.
- Rajan, R (2016): “The Changing Paradigm for Financial Inclusion” - Speech Delivered at the National Seminar on Equity, Access, and Inclusion – Transforming Rural India through Financial Inclusion, National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad.
- Rangarajan, C (2008): Report of the Committee on Financial Inclusion in India, Government of India, New Delhi.
- Reddy, Y V (2017): Advice & Dissent: My Life in Public Service, Harper Collins Publishers, Noida.
- Reserve Bank of India (2008): Report on Currency and Finance 2006-08, Vol. V, RBI, Mumbai.
- ---------------, Annual Report, Various Issues, RBI, Mumbai
- Sainath P (2000): Everybody Loves a Good Drought, Penguin India Limited, New Delhi.
- Seibel, H D (2005): SHG Banking in India: The Evolution of a Rural Financial Innovation, Working Paper No.9, Development Research Center, University of Cologne, Germany.
- Singh, Aishvarya (2015): “PMJDY: Improved Financial Inclusion, But Roadblocks Remain”, Accessed from https://www.cgap.org/blog/pmjdy-improved-financial-inclusion-roadblocks-remain.
- Singh, C and G Naik (2017): Financial Inclusion in India: A Case Study of Gubbi, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, Working Paper No. 549.
- Subba Rao, D (2010): “Financial Inclusion: Challenges and Opportunities”, Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp.1-10.
- Swamy, V (2014): “Financial Inclusion, Gender Dimension, and Economic Impact on Poor Households”, World Development, Vol. 56, pp.1-15.
- Thingalaya, N K, M S Moodithaya and N S Shetty (2010): Financial Inclusion and Beyond: Issues and Challenges, Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
- United Nations (2006): Building Inclusive Financial Sectors for Development, United Nations Capital Development Fund and the World Bank Institute, New York.
- World Bank (2014): “Financial Inclusion”, Global Financial Development Report 2014, World Bank, Washington D.C., pp.15-50.
- ________ (2008): Finance for All – Policy and Pitfalls in Expanding Access, World Bank, Washington D.C.
- Yunus, M (1998): Banker to the Poor: The Autobiography of Muhammad Yunus, Aurum Press, London.
- Farmers' Risk Coping Strategies in Rain-Fed Agricultural Regions:An Empirical Study from India
Authors
1 Associate Professor, Centre for Climate Change and Disaster Management, NIRDPR, IN
2 Associate Professor & Head, Centre for Financial Inclusion and Entrepreneurship, NIRDPR, IN
3 Research Associate, Centre for Wage Employment, NIRDPR, IN
Source
Journal of Rural Development, Vol 38, No 4 (2019), Pagination: 653-674Abstract
Drought is as natural as climate and its variability. We are motivated to conduct the present research study with a special focus on risk coping strategies of farmers in rain-fed agricultural States of Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh – in three out of the 'Big Five' States in India.
Through primary data, we found that there is a substantial decline of 71.8 per cent in the total income of the respondents in the three study regions during the drought period. The extent of inequality in the incomes in the sample households is also high at 0.87 (Gini-coefficient) during the normal rainfall year and this declined to 0.25 during the drought period indicating that the inequality in the income distribution of the sample group is relatively lower during the drought period. While large and medium farmers households are the worst affected due to occurrence of drought, small and marginal farmers are relatively unscathed as they might have depended on other sources of income during the drought period.
Most of the farmers could not repay the loans as they are unable to receive remunerative prices for their agricultural produce and some of them are expecting loan waivers from the government. Our results showed that adopting crop saving irrigation followed by cultivating long duration crops, and using family labour to reduce cost of cultivation are the most preferred strategies embraced by the farmers when they face early drought situation.
Keywords
Risk Coping Strategies, Rain-Fed Agriculture, Drought, Farmers, India, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh.References
- Adger, W.N.; S Huq, K Brown, D. Conway and M. Hulme (2003), "Adaptation to Climate Change in the Developing World", Progress in Development Studies, 3 (3): 179-195.
- Choudhury, P. R.; and Sindhi S (2017), "Improving the Drought Resilience of the Small Farmer Agroecosystem", Economic & Political Weekly. LII (32): 41-46.
- Chowdhury, A., Dandekar, M.M. and Raut, P.S (1989). "Variability of drought incidence over India: A Statistical Approach", Mausam, 40 (2): 207-214.
- Denevan, W M (1995), "Prehistoric Agricultural Methods as Models for Sustainability". Adv. Plant Pathology. 11: 21-43.
- Dogra, Bharat (2016), "Bundelkhand Drought: Linking Short-term Urgent Relief with Longer-term Sustainable Development and Protection of Environment", Mainstream, 54 (25):32-35 (June).
- Goswami BN (2006), "Increasing trend of extreme rain events and possibility of extremes of seasonal mean Indian monsoon in a warming world" (http://saarcsdmc.nic.in/pdf/workshops/Kathmandu/pres 16.pdf)
- India Meteorological Department (2018), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, http://www.imd.gov.in; accessed on May 17, 2018.
- Kaur, Pavneet and Kaur, Manpreet (2016), "Indebtedness and Farmer Suicides in Punjab", Agricultural Situation in India, December, pp.23-27.
- National Crime Records Bureau NCRB (2014), (various Issues). Annual report titled 'Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India' (ADSI).
- NRSC (2008). Agricultural Drought. New Delhi: National remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Government of India, http://www.dsc.nrsc.gov.in/DSC/Drought.index.jsp?include1=homelink2_bi.jsp&&include2=homelink2_b2.jsp.
- O’Farrell.; P J and P M L Anderson (2010), "Sustainable Multifunctional Landscapses: A Review to Implementation", Current Opinions in Enviornmental Sustainability, 2: 59-65.
- Rangarajan, C.; and Kannan, R (2018), "Analysing Rainfall Impact on Farm Output", Business Line, May 17, pp.8.
- Reserve Bank of India (2013), Reserve Bank of India Annual Report 2012-13, Mumbai.
- Singh, A.K (2013), "Income and Livelihood Issues of Farmers: A Field Study in Uttar Pradesh", Agricultural Economics Research Review, Vol. 26, Conference Number, pp.86-96.
- Singh, R. M (2016). Union Minister for Agriculture, Economic Times, February 13. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/91-land-holding-would-belong-to-small-farmers-by-2030-radha-mohan-singh/articleshow/50978336.cms
- Sainath P (2000), "Everybody Loves a Good Drought", New Delhi, Penguin India Limited.
- Srinivasarao, Ch.; Ravindra Chary, G., Mishra, PK, Nagarjuna Kumar, R., Maruthi Sankar, GR., Venkateswarulu, B and Sikka, AK (2013), "Real Time Contingency Planning: Initial Experiences from AICRPDA". Published by Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad.
- The Economic Survey 2017-18 (2018), Agriculture & Food Management, Government of India, Vol. 2:99-119.
- Van Loon.; A F, T Gleeson, J Clark, A I J M Van Dijk, K Stahl, J Hannaford, G Di Baldassarre, A J Teuling, I M tallaksen, R Uijlenhoet, D M Hannah, J Sheffield, M Svobada, B verbeiren, T Wagener, S Rangecroft, N Wanders and H A J Van Lanen (2016), Drought in the Antropocene, Nature Geoscience, 9:89-91.
- Wilhite D A.; and M H Glantz (1985), Understanding the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions, Water Int, 10: 111-120.
- Wilhite D A.; MV K Sivakumar and Pulwarty (2014), "Managing Drought Risk in a Changing Climate: The Role of National Drought Policy." Weather and Climate Extremes. 3: 4-13.
- Microfinance and Rural Development: The Bangladesh Way
Authors
1 National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad, IN
Source
The Microfinance Review, Vol 11, No 1 (2019), Pagination: 67-70Abstract
The definition of poverty has evolved from consumption of calories to deprivation of income to lack of assets to sustainable livelihoods (Carney, 1998; DFID, 1999) to a more recent multidimensional poverty index (Alkire and Santos, 2014). Among the strategies for poverty alleviation, the Graduation Approach pioneered by Hashemi and De Montesquiou (2011) on behalf of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) is the most popular one. This approach lays emphasis on promotion of livelihoods, social protection and better access to microfinance for the poor. While declaring 2005 as the year of micro credit, Kofi Annan, the then United Nations Secretary-General, remarked, ‘sustainable access to microfinance helps alleviate poverty by generating income, creating jobs, allowing children to go to school, enabling families to obtain health care, and empowering people to make the choices that best serve their needs’.Keywords
Microfinance, Rural Development.References
- Alkire, S and M E Santos (2014): “Measuring Acute Poverty in the Developing World: Robustness and Scope of Multidimensional Poverty Index”, World Development, Vol. 59, No. C, pp.251-274.
- Carney, D (1998): Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make?,DfID, London.
- Department for International Development (1999): Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, DFID, London.
- Hashemi, S and A De Montesquiou (2011): Reaching the Poorest: Lessons from Graduation Model, Focus Note No. 69, Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, pp.1-15.
- Muhammad (2018): “Rise of the Corporate NGO in Bangladesh”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 53, No. 39, pp.45-52.
- United Nations Development Programme (2018): Human Development Indices and Indicators 2018: Statistical Update, UNDP, New York. Accessed at http://undp.orgon November 2, 2018.
- Yunus, Muhammad (2017): A World of Three Zeroes: The New Economics of Zero Poverty, Zero Unemployment, Zero Net Carbon Emissions, Hachette Book Publishing, Gurgaon.
- World Bank (2017): Bangladesh Continues to Reduce Poverty but at Slower Pace, October 24; Accessed at http://worldbank.orgon November 2, 2018.
- Whether the Self-Help Group - Bank Linkage Programme is Sustainable? An Empirical Evidence from India
Authors
1 Associate Professor & Head, Centre for Entrepreneurship Development & Financial Inclusion, NIRDPR, Hyderabad - 500030, IN
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, IBS Hyderabad, Shankarapalli Road, Hyderabad - 501203, IN
Source
Journal of Rural Development, Vol 40, No 3 (2021), Pagination: 351-372Abstract
In this paper, we examined the sustainability of Self-Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme (SHG- BLP) in India by collecting primary data on 133 SHGs across three states namely, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. By constructing a composite index on various forms of sustainability of the SHGs, we found that about two-thirds of the SHGs have a ‘medium level of sustainability’ and over one-fifth of them have a ‘high level of sustainability.’ While Andhra Pradesh and Odisha (with low and medium levels of NPAs, respectively, compared to the national average) possess SHGs with ‘medium to high’ composite sustainability, Madhya Pradesh (with a high level of NPAs) has SHGs associated with ‘low to medium’ composite sustainability. Our findings have policy implications for the stakeholders since the lower level of NPAs reflects the longer sustainability of the SHG-BLP.Keywords
Micro Finance, SHG-BLP, Sustainability, India, Composite Index.References
- Adjei, J. K., Arun, T., & Hossain, F. (2009). The Role of Microfinance in Asset Building and Poverty Reduction: The Case of Sinapi Aba Trust of Ghana. Manchester: Brooks World Poverty Institute.
- Ahlin, C., & Jiang, N. (2008). Can Micro-credit Bring Development? Journal of Development Economics, 86 (1), 01-21.
- APMAS. (2017). Impact and Sustainability of Self Help Group Bank Linkage Programme in India, APMAS, Hyderabad.
- Baland, J.M., Somanathan, R., & Vandewalle, L. (2008). Microfinance Lifespans: a Study of Attrition and Exclusion in Self-Help Groups in India. India Policy Forum, 4 (1), 159-210.
- Banerjee, Abhijit, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster, & Cynthia Kinnan. (2015). The Miracle of Microfinance? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 7 (1), 22-53.
- Barnes, C., Gaile, G., & Kibombo, R. (2001). The Impact of Three Microfinance Programs in Uganda. Washington, DC: Development Experience Clearinghouse, USAID.
- Barnes, C., Keogh, E., & Nemarundwe, N. (2001). Microfinance Program Clients and Impact: An Assessment of Zambuko Trust Zimbabwe. Washington, DC: Assessing the Impact of Microenterprise Services (AIMS).
- Bhanot, D., & Bapat, V. (2019). Contributory Factors towards Sustainability of Bank-linked Self-Help Groups in India. Asia Pacific Sustainable Development Journal, 26 (2), 25-55.
- Bhatia, N. (2007). Revisiting Bank-linked Self-Help Groups (SHGs) — A Study of Rajasthan State. Reserve Bank of India Occasional Papers, 28 (2), 125-156.
- Bhuiya, M. M. M., Khanam, R., Rahman, M. M., & H. S. Nghiem. (2016). Impact of Microfinance on Household Income and Consumption in Bangladesh: Empirical Evidence from a QuasiExperimental Survey, The Journal of Developing Areas, 50 (3), 305-318.
- Brannen, C. (2010). An Impact Study of the Village Savings and Loan Association (VSLA) Program in Zanzibar, Tanzania. BA Dissertation, Wesleyan University.
- Chakrabarti, R. (2004). The India Microfinance Experience: Accomplishments and Challenges, in Debroy, B. and Khan, A. U. (Eds.), Integrating the Rural Poor into Markets, Academic Foundation, New Delhi, 32-67.
- Chavan, P. & Ramakumar, R. (2002). Micro-credit and Rural Poverty: An Analysis of Empirical Evidence. Economic and Political Weekly, 37(10), 955-965.
- Christen, P. B. & lvatury, G. (2007). Sustainability of Self-Help Groups in India: Two Analyses, Occasional Paper 12 (part Il), CGAP, Washington DC, August 2007.
- Das, T. & Guha, P. (2019). Measuring Women’s Self-Help Group Sustainability: A Study of Rural Assam.International Journal of Rural Management, 15(1), 116-136.
- Das. (2018). ls Awareness of Credit Sources Prerequisite for their Use? A Study of Rural Assam, available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/IGDR-01-2018-0010 (accessed on 09 August 2020)
- Deininger, K. & Liu, Y. (2009). Determinants of Repayment Performance in India Microcredit Groups.Policy Research Working Paper No. 4885, World Bank, Washington D.C.
- Deshpande, V., Sharma, D. & Kailash, C. (2016). Self-Help Group Bank Linkage Programme in India as a means of financial inclusion — Status and Emerging Challenges. African — Asian Journal of Rural Development, 4% 2), 84-104.
- di Magliano R.P., Vaccaro, A. (2020). A Macro-Level Analysis of the Economic and Social Impact of Microfinance in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: La Torre M., Chiappini H. (eds), Contemporary Issues in Sustainable Finance. Palgrave Studies in Impact Finance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40248-8_6
- Dupas, P., & Robinson, J. (2008). Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya (Working Paper No. 14693). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research
- Dutta, A. & Banerjee, S. (2018). Does Microfinance Impede Sustainable Entrepreneurial Initiatives among Women Borrowers? Evidence from Rural Bangladesh. Journal of Rural Studies, 60 (5), 70 —-81.
- Ericksen, J, E Ericksen and S Graham (2014): Over-Indebtedness in Mexico: Giving Borrowers a Voice, Washington, DC: FINCA.
- Fletschner, D., & Kenney, L. (2014). Rural Women’s Access to Financial Services: Credit, Savings, and Insurance, Quisumbing, A.R. and Others (Eds.), Gender in Agriculture: Closing the Knowledge Gap, Springer, Dordrecht, Germany, 187-208.
- Gonzalez, A. (2008): Microfinance, Incentives to Repay and Over-indebtedness: Evidence from a Household Survey in Bolivia, Doctoral thesis, Ohio State University, Ohio.
- Haldar, A., & J. E. Stiglitz. (2014): The Indian Microfinance Crisis: The Role of Social Capital, the Shift to for-Profit Lending and Implications for Microfinance Theory and Practice, Mimeo, Columbia University.
- Hulme, D., & M. Maitrot. (2014): Has Microfinance Lost Its Moral Compass? Economic & Political Weekly, 49 (48), 77-85.
- Isern, J., Agbakoba, A., Flaming, M., Mantilla, J., Pellegrini, G. and Tarazi, M. (2009). Access to Finance in Nigeria: Microfinance, Branchless Banking, and SME Finance, Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), Washington DC.
- Isern, J., Prakash, L.B., Pillai, A. and Hashemi, S. (2007). Sustainability of Self-Help Groups in India: Two Analyses, Occasional Paper 12 (part I), CGAP, Washington DC, August 2007.
- Jayadev, M. & Sundar, D. K. (2016). Changing Contours of Microfinance in India, Routledge, New York.
- Kabeer, N. (2005), Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: A Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24.
- Karlan, D. & J., Zinman. (2010): Expanding Credit Access: Using Randomized Supply Decisions to Estimate the Impacts. Review of Financial Studies, 23 (1), 433-64.
- Karmakar, K. G. (2009). Emerging trends in Microfinance, Economic and Political Weekly, 44 (13), 21-24.
- Kashyap, P. (2008). Livelihood Promotion among SHGs, Microfinance in India, K. Karmakar (Ed.). New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 33-56.
- Khaki, A. R. & Sangmi, M. (2017). Does Access to Finance Alleviate Poverty? A Case Study of SGSY Beneficiaries in Kashmir Valley. International Journal of Social Economics, 44 (8), 1032-1045.
- Khandker, S. R. & Samad, H. A. (2013). Are Microcredit Participants in Bangladesh Trapped in Poverty and Debt?, Policy Research Working Paper 6404, The World Bank, Washington DC.
- Kolstad, I., Armando, J., Pires, G. & Wiig, A. (2016). Within-Group Heterogeneity and Group Dynamics: Analyzing Exit of Microcredit Groups in Angola. Oxford Development Studies, 45 (3), 338-351.
- Kumaran, K. P. (2002). Role of Self-Help Groups in Promoting Micro Enterprises through Micro Credit: An Empirical Study. Journal of Rural Development, 21 (2), 231-250.
- Lascelles, D, S., Mendelson. & D., Rozes. (2014): Microfinance Banana Skins, London: Centre for the Study of Financial Innovation.
- Ledgerwood, J. (1998). Microfinance Handbook: An Institutional and Financial Perspective (Sustainable Banking with the Poor). World Bank Publications
- Mahajan, V. (1998). Sustainability of MFls, Karmakar, K. G. (Ed.), Microfinance in India, SAGE Publications, New Delhi, 95-109.
- Mahajan, V. (2005). From Microcredit to Livelihood Finance. Economic and Political Weekly, 40 (41), 4416-4419.
- Mahapatra, M. S. & Dutta, S. (2016). Determinants of Sustainability of Microfinance Sector in India. Journal of Rural Development, 35 (3), 507-522.
- Mani, N. (2015). Financial Inclusion in India: Policies and Programmes, Century Publications, New Delhi.
- Mawire, F. (2012). Repayment Performance and Determinants of the Repayment Rate of Self-Help Groups in Andhra Pradesh India. Masters Dissertation. The Netherlands: Wageningen University.
- Meyer, R. L. (2002). Track Record of Financial Institutions in Assisting the Poor in Asia, Research Paper No. 49, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADB), Tokyo.
- Misra, R. & Lee, N. (2007). Primary Agricultural Society Linkage: The Best Remote Self-Help Groups in India can do? Small Enterprise Development, 18 (1), 25-36.
- Mohapatra, N. P. (2016). This is Financial Inclusion. Economic and Political Weekly, 51 (35), 4.
- Morduch, J. (1999). The Microfinance Promise. Journal of Economic Literature, 37 (4), 1569-1614.
- NABARD, Status of Micro-finance in India, Various Issues, NABARD, Mumbai.
- Nair, A. (2005). Sustainability of Microfinance Self Help Group in India: Would Federating Help? Policy Research Working Paper 3516, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit, The World Bank, South Asia Region, Washington DC, February 2005.
- NCAER. (2008). Impact and Sustainability of SHG Bank Linkage Programme, NCAER, New Delhi.
- NIRDPR. (2019). An Evaluation of the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme with Special Reference to its Loan Portfolio and Asset Quality, NIRDPR, Hyderabad.
- Parida, P. C. & Sinha, A. (2010). Performance and Sustainability of Self-Help Groups in India: A Gender Perspective. Asian Development Review, 27 (1), 80-103.
- Pati, A. (2009). Subsidy Impact on Sustainability of SHGs: An Empirical Analysis of microlending through SGSY Scheme. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64 (2), 01-13.
- Pati, A. P. (2017). Contribution of Microfinance in Achieving Millennium Development Goals: Evidences from Global Pool Data. International Journal of Rural Management, 13 (2), 182-198.
- Pitt, M. M., Khandker, S. R. & Cartwright, J. (2006). Empowering Women with Micro Finance: Evidence from Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54 (4), 791-831.
- Puhazhendi, V., & Badatya, K. C. (2002). SHG-Bank Linkage Programme for Rural Poor—An Impact Assessment, Paper Presented at the Seminar on e-Social Sciences, 25-26 November, New Delhi.
- Rahman, M. M., Khanam, R. & Nghiem, S. (2017). The Effects of Microfinance on Women’s Empowerment: New Evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Economics, 44 (12), 1745-1757.
- Rajasekhar, D. (2002). Impact of Micro Finance Programmes on Poverty and Gender Equality: Some Evidences from Indian NGOs, in Ravazi, S. (Ed.), Shifting Burdens: Gender and Agrarian Change under Neoliberalism, Kumarian Press, Bloomfield, NJ, 151-196.
- Rao, G. (2009). Quality and sustainability of SHGs in Assam available at www.academia.edu/5754486/ Quality_and_Sustainability_of_SHGs_in_Assam_Sponsored_by_NABARD (accessed on 20 June 2020)
- Ray., Sougata., Sushanta Kumar., Mahapatra. (2016): Penetration of MFIs among Indian States: An Understanding through Macro Variables. International Journal of Development Issues, 15 (3), 294-305, September, DOI 10.1108/IJDI-05-20160030
- Ray., Sougata., Sushanta Kumar., Mahapatra. (2019): Asset Quality and Performance: An Empirical Study of Indian Microfinance Institutions. International Journal of Services, Economics and Management, 10 (3), 248-265.
- Ray., Sougata., Sushanta Kumar., Mahapatra., ShyamNath. (2019): Over-indebtedness and its Drivers among Microfinance Borrowers in India. Economic and Political Weekly, Special Issue, 54 (7), 47 -53. February 16.
- Reddy, C. S. (2008). Emerging SHG Federations and Challenges, in Karmakar, K. G. (Ed.), Micro Finance in India, SAGE Publications, New Delhi, 146-147.
- Reddy, C.S., & Prakash, L. (2003). Status of SHG federations in Andhra Pradesh, paper presented at the SHG Federation Workshop, 2425 March, Hyderabad, India, available at www .findevgateway.org/library/status-shg-federations-andhra-pradesh.
- Reddy, K. R. & Reddy, C. S. (2012). Self Help Groups in India—A Study on Quality and Sustainability, ENABLE Publication, Hyderabad, India.
- Reji, E. M. (2010). What Makes Self-Help Groups Successful?. Journal of Rural Development, 29 (1) 8996.
- Robinson, M. (2001). The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance for the Poor, The World Bank, Washington DC.
- Rooyen, Van, C, Stewart, R, Wet, T. De. (2012). The Impact of Micro Finance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of the Evidence, World Development, 40 (11), 2249-2262. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.012
- Rosenberg, R. G. (2009). The New Moneylenders: Are the Poor Being Exploited by High Microcredit Interest Rates. CGAP Occasional Paper No., 145-181.
- Ryne, Elizabeth. (2009). Microfinance for Bankers and Investors: Understanding the Opportunities and Challenges of the Market at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Europe: McGraw-Hill Education.
- Sarma, M. (2008). Index of Financial Inclusion. ICRIER Working Paper 215. New Delhi: ICRIER.
- Schreiner, M. (1997). A Framework for the Analysis of the Performance and Sustainability of Subsidized Microfinance Organizations with Application to BancoSol of Bolivia and Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. PhD dissertation, Columbus: The Ohio State University.
- Seibel, H. (2006). Ensuring Quality in Self-Help Banking, An Assessment, APMAS, Hyderabad, India.
- Sharma, A. (2017). Microfinance in the North-eastern Region: Growth and Challenges, Mishra, D. and Upadhyay, V. (Eds), Rethinking Economic Development in Northeast India, Routledge, New Delhi, India.
- Sharma, M. & Zeller, M. (1997). Repayment Performance in Group-based Credit Programs in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis. World Development, 25 (10), 1731-1742.
- Shetty, K. N. & Madheswaran, S. (2008). Whether Micro Finance Groups Are Sustainable? Evidence from India, paper presented at the Conference of the All India Econometric Society, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad.
- Shylendra, H. S. (2018). Federating the Self-Help Groups in India: Emerging Conceptual and Policy Challenges. International Journal of Rural Management, 14 (2), 154-181.
- Singh, S. (2008). Microfinance in India, SAGE Publications, New Delhi, India.
- Srinivasan, N. (2008). Sustainability of SHGs in India, Karmakar, K. G. (Ed.), Micro Finance in India, SAGE Publications, New Delhi, 177-178.
- Srinivasan, N. (2009), Microfinance India-State of the Sector Report 2008, SAGE Publications, New Delhi, India.
- Ssewamala, F. M., Ismayilova, L., McKay, M., Sperber, E., Bannon, W.,& Alice, S. (2010). Gender and the Effects of an Economic Empowerment Program on Attitudes toward Sexual Risk-taking among AIDS Orphaned Adolescent Youth in Uganda. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 372-378.
- Sukanya, N. (2017). The SHG-Bank Linkage Programme and Financial Inclusion in India: A Review of the Recent Trends. GITAM Journal of Management, 15 (2), 33-42.
- Sundaram, K. (2007). Employment and Poverty in India 2000-2005, Working Paper 155, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics, New Delhi.
- Suprabha, K. R. (2014). Empowerment of Self-Help Groups Towards Microenterprise Development. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11 (1), 410-422.
- Swain, R. B. & Varghese, A. (2009). Does Self-Help Group Participation Lead to Asset Creation?. World Development, 37 (10), 1674-1682.
- Tankha, A. (2002). Self-help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India: Cost of Promotion, Sustainability and Impact, Sa-Dhan, New Delhi.
- Thekkekara, T. (2011). Sustainability and Women’s Empowerment in Microfinance Self-Help Groups — A Case Study of Dharni Taluka, Melghat, Amravati (Maharashtra). PhD Thesis. Mumbai: IIT, Bombay.
- Tuckman, B. W. (1965), Developmental Sequence in Small Groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63 (6), 384.
- Tuckman, B. W. and Jensen, M. A. C. (1977). Stages of Small-group Development Revisited. Group & Organization Studies, 2 (4), 419-427.
- Von Pischke, J. D. (1996). Measuring the Trade-off between Outreach and Sustainability of Microenterprise Lenders. Journal of International Development, 8 (2), 225-39.
- In-Vitro Screening Of Anti-Microbial, Anti-Fungal And Anti-Oxidant Activities Of Ethanolic Leaf Extract Of Anthocephalus cadamba
Authors
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, A.K.R.G. College of Pharmacy, Nallajerla, W.G. Dist., Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Pharmacognosy, A.K.R.G. College of Pharmacy, Nallajerla, W.G. Dist., Andhra Pradesh, IN
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, A.K.R.G. College of Pharmacy, Nallajerla, W.G. Dist., Andhra Pradesh, IN
4 Department of Chemistry, Vijaya Teja Degree College, Addanki - 523201, Andhra Pradesh, IN
Source
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 12, No 4 (2022), Pagination: 275 - 280Abstract
Anthocephalus cadamba, Rubiaceae, is a medicinal herb of great importance for traditional applications against several disease kinds. Because of the range of compounds, the genus Anthocephalus is regarded as one of the most significant genus utilised in many medical systems. The plant was chemically investigated for its phytoconstituents in the current analysis, Anthocephalus cadamba. The results for steroids, flavanoids, tannins and glycosides were shown to be positive. Bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtiliis and Escherichia coli, have been moderately actively monopolised. Antifungal activity at doses of 100mg/ml, 300mg/ml with fungal organisms, was observed in the ethanol leaves extract. Plant ethanol extract had a substantial impact on the hydrogen peroxide radical activity of scavenging and less effects than the standard of nitric oxide radical activity.
Keywords
Anthocephalus cadamba, Scavenging activity, Anti microbial activity, Gram + VeReferences
- Gontijo DC, Nunes LG, Farias LM, Duarte MG, Carvalho AF, Fietto LG, Leite JP . Assessment of the phenolic content, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of ethanolic extracts of stem bark and leaves from Strychnospseudoquina A. St.-hil. Drug ChemToxicol 2018; 10: 1-7.
- Nostro A, Germanò MP, D'angelo V, Marino A, Cannatelli MA. Extraction methods and bioautography for evaluation of medicinal plant antimicrobial activity. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 30: 379- 384.
- Choudhary R, Tandon RV. Consumption of functional food and our health concerns. Pak J Physiol 2009; 5: 76-83.
- Shahrbandy K, Hosseinzadeh R. In vitro antioxidant activity of Polygoniumlyrcanicum, Centaureaedepressa, Sambusebulus, Menthe spicata and Phytolaceae Americana. Pak J BiolSci 2007; 10: 637-640.
- Saeed N, Khan MR, Shabbir M. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilisleptophylla L. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12: 221-232.
- Song JM, Lee KH, Seong BL. Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza vírus. Antivir Res 2005; 68: 66–74.
- Cushnie TT, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int. J. Antimicrob Agents 2005; 26: 343–356.
- Da Silva MA, Cardoso CA, Vilegas W, Dos Santos LC. High- performance liquid chromatographic quantification of flavonoids in Eriocaulaceae species and their antimicrobial activity. Molecules 2009 ; 14: 4644-54.
- Ferguson PJ, Kurowska E, Freeman DJ, Chambers A.F, Koropatnick DJ. A flavonoid fraction from cranberry extract inhibits proliferation of human tumor cell lines. J Nutr 2004; 134: 1529–1535.
- Russo A, Cardile V, Sanchez F, Troncoso N, Vanella A, Garbarino JA. Chilean propolis: antioxidant activity and antiproliferative action in human tumor cell lines. Life Sci 2004; 76: 545–558.
- Alam MA, Akter R, Subhan N, Rahman MM, Majumder MM, Nahar L, Sarker SD. Antidiarrhoeal property of the hydroethanolic extract of the flowering tops of Anthocephalus cadamba. Brazilian J Pharmacog 2008; 18: 155–9.
- Schwikkard S, van Heerden FR. Antimalarial activity of plant metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2002; 19: 675–692.
- Kapil A, Koul IB and Suri OP. Antihepatotoxic effects of chlorogenic acid from Anthocephaluscadamba. Phytother Res 1995; 9: 189–193.
- Kodangula SC, Borthakur A and Kodangala SP. Anti- inflammatory effect of the methanol extract from Anthocephalus cadamba stem bark in animal modelsa. Int J Plant Biol 2010; 1: 30–2.
- Acharyya S, Dash GK, Mondal S and Dash SK. Studies on Glucose Lowering Efficacy of the Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.)Miq. roots. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2010; 1: 1–9.
- Verza SG, Kreinecker MT, Reis V, Henriques AT, Ortega GG. Evaluation of analytical variables of the Folin-Ciocalteu method for the quantitation of the total tannins content using a Psidiumguajava L. leaves aqueous extract as a model. Química Nova 2007; 30: 815-20.
- Krishna Kondragunta. V, Karuppuraj. V, Perumal. K. Antioxidant activity and Folic acid content in indigenous isolates of Ganodermalucidum. Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 2016; 6(4): 213-215.
- P. Muthukumaran, P. Padmapriya, S. Salomi, R. Umamaheshwari, P. Kalaiarasan, C. Malarvizhi. In Vitro Anti Microbial Activity of Leaf Powder. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 1(4): Oct. - Dec. 2011; Page 108-110.
- MuthusamySenthil Kumar, SrinivasanBalachandran, ShibaniChaudhury. Influence of Incubation Temperatures on Total Phenolic, Flavonoids Content and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Callus from Heliotropium indicum L. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2(4): Oct. - Dec. 2012; Page 148-152.
- Ch. Madhu, J. Swapna, K. Neelima, Monic V. Shah. A Comparative Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Popularly Used in India. Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2(3): July-Sept. 2012; Page 98-100.
- Konda Ravi Kumar, K.N.S. Karthik, P. Reshma Begum, Ch. M.M. PrasadaRao.Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of benzothiazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial and analgesic agents. Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2017; 7(2):115-119.
- Patel D.S. Shah P. B., Managoli N. B. Evaluation of In-vitro Anti-oxidant and Free Radical Scavenging activities of Withania somnifera and Aloe vera. Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2(4): Oct. - Dec. 2012; Page 143-147.
- Pranita A. Argade, Mangesh A. Bhutkar, Chandrakant S. Magdum. Albizzialebbeck extract mediated synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and study of its In-vitro Anti-diabetic and Anti- oxidant activity. Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2019; 9(2):93-98.
- Balakrishnan N, Panda A B, Raj N R, Shrivastava A, Prathani R. The Evaluation of Nitric Oxide Scavenging Activity of AcalyphaIndica Linn Root. Asian J. Research Chem. 2(2): April.- June, 2009 page 148-150.
- Ankush Garg, Radhika Maheshwari, Pooja Chawla, Shubhini A. Saraf. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Novel 5-Substituted Arylidene-3-Substituted-Benzyl-Thiazolidine-2, 4-Diones. Asian J. Research Chem. 3(3): July- Sept. 2010; Page 528-530.
- Shlini P., Siddalinga Murthy K.R. Extraction of Phenolics, Proteins and Antioxidant Activity from Defatted Tamarind Kernel Powder. Asian J. Research Chem. 4(6): June, 2011; Page 936-941.